Docker是一开源的应用容器引擎，基于GO语言并遵循Apache2.0协议开源。

概述

简介

Docker 是一个开源项目，诞生于 2013 年初，最初是 dotCloud 公司内部的一个业余项目。它基于 Google 公司推出的 Go 语言实现。 项目后来加入了 Linux 基金会，遵从了 Apache 2.0 协议，项目代码在 GitHub 上进行维护。

Docker 自开源后受到广泛的关注和讨论，以至于 dotCloud 公司后来都改名为 Docker Inc。Redhat 已经在其 RHEL6.5 中集中支持 Docker；Google 也在其 PaaS 产品中广泛应用。

Docker 项目的目标是实现轻量级的操作系统虚拟化解决方案。 Docker 的基础是 Linux 容器（LXC）等技术。

在 LXC 的基础上 Docker 进行了进一步的封装，让用户不需要去关心容器的管理，使得操作更为简便。用户操作 Docker 的容器就像操作一个快速轻量级的虚拟机一样简单。

限制

Docker只能安装在CentOS6.5以及更高的版本，系统内核版本为2.6.32-431或者更高的本版。
可以通过命令查看系统信息和内核版本

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sudo uname -a

或者

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sudo uname -r

结果

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Linux maiyikai.docker1 3.10.0-957.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Thu Nov 8 23:39:32 UTC 2018 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

安装Docker

参考Docker官网或者菜鸟教程

Docker三要素

  • 仓库：集中存放镜像的场所
  • 镜像：可以看作是一个只读模板，镜像可以用来创建Docker容器，一个镜像可以创建多个容器
  • 容器：是用镜像创建的运行实例

Docker指令

查看Docker帮助文档

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#查看Docker版本
docker version

#查看Docker容器的描述
docker info

#查看Docker帮助文档
docker --help

####Docker指令
通过指令查看Docker支持的所有命令

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[root@maiyikai ~]# docker --help

Usage:	docker [OPTIONS] COMMAND

A self-sufficient runtime for containers

Options:
      --config string      Location of client config files (default "/root/.docker")
  -c, --context string     Name of the context to use to connect to the daemon (overrides DOCKER_HOST env var and default context set with "docker context use")
  -D, --debug              Enable debug mode
  -H, --host list          Daemon socket(s) to connect to
  -l, --log-level string   Set the logging level ("debug"|"info"|"warn"|"error"|"fatal") (default "info")
      --tls                Use TLS; implied by --tlsverify
      --tlscacert string   Trust certs signed only by this CA (default "/root/.docker/ca.pem")
      --tlscert string     Path to TLS certificate file (default "/root/.docker/cert.pem")
      --tlskey string      Path to TLS key file (default "/root/.docker/key.pem")
      --tlsverify          Use TLS and verify the remote
  -v, --version            Print version information and quit

Management Commands:
  builder     Manage builds
  config      Manage Docker configs
  container   Manage containers
  context     Manage contexts
  engine      Manage the docker engine
  image       Manage images
  network     Manage networks
  node        Manage Swarm nodes
  plugin      Manage plugins
  secret      Manage Docker secrets
  service     Manage services
  stack       Manage Docker stacks
  swarm       Manage Swarm
  system      Manage Docker
  trust       Manage trust on Docker images
  volume      Manage volumes

Commands:
  attach      Attach local standard input, output, and error streams to a running container
  build       Build an image from a Dockerfile
  commit      Create a new image from a container's changes
  cp          Copy files/folders between a container and the local filesystem
  create      Create a new container
  diff        Inspect changes to files or directories on a container's filesystem
  events      Get real time events from the server
  exec        Run a command in a running container
  export      Export a container's filesystem as a tar archive
  history     Show the history of an image
  images      List images
  import      Import the contents from a tarball to create a filesystem image
  info        Display system-wide information
  inspect     Return low-level information on Docker objects
  kill        Kill one or more running containers
  load        Load an image from a tar archive or STDIN
  login       Log in to a Docker registry
  logout      Log out from a Docker registry
  logs        Fetch the logs of a container
  pause       Pause all processes within one or more containers
  port        List port mappings or a specific mapping for the container
  ps          List containers
  pull        Pull an image or a repository from a registry
  push        Push an image or a repository to a registry
  rename      Rename a container
  restart     Restart one or more containers
  rm          Remove one or more containers
  rmi         Remove one or more images
  run         Run a command in a new container
  save        Save one or more images to a tar archive (streamed to STDOUT by default)
  search      Search the Docker Hub for images
  start       Start one or more stopped containers
  stats       Display a live stream of container(s) resource usage statistics
  stop        Stop one or more running containers
  tag         Create a tag TARGET_IMAGE that refers to SOURCE_IMAGE
  top         Display the running processes of a container
  unpause     Unpause all processes within one or more containers
  update      Update configuration of one or more containers
  version     Show the Docker version information
  wait        Block until one or more containers stop, then print their exit codes

指令解析-镜像部分

镜像操作

指令：docker images [OPTIONS] [REPOSITORY[:TAG]]
OPTIONNS
-a：查看所有镜像（默认包含中间层的image）
–digests：查看摘要
-f：显示满足条件的image
–format：按指定的模板返回
-h：查看帮助文档
–no-trunc：显示完整的image信息
-q：仅显示image的ID列表

指令实现

指令：docker images -a

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[root@maiyikai ~]# docker images -a
REPOSITORY             TAG                 IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
wurstmeister/kafka     latest              f1905dce9659        4 months ago        431MB
redis                  6.0.0               96812ab2b931        4 months ago        104MB
rabbitmq               latest              c1a845de8052        4 months ago        151MB
mysql                  8.0.20              a7a67c95e831        4 months ago        541MB
alpine                 latest              f70734b6a266        4 months ago        5.61MB
openjdk                8u252-jdk           6cedfea72886        4 months ago        510MB
centos                 centos8             470671670cac        7 months ago        237MB
nginx                  1.16.0              ae893c58d83f        13 months ago       109MB
webcenter/activemq     latest              3af156432993        3 years ago         422MB

指令：docker images -q

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f1905dce9659
96812ab2b931
c1a845de8052
a7a67c95e831
f70734b6a266
6cedfea72886
470671670cac
ae893c58d83f
3af156432993

指令：docker images --digests

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REPOSITORY             TAG                 DIGEST                                                                    IMAGE ID            CREATED             SIZE
wurstmeister/kafka     latest              sha256:a9980b591efe62a68de0acf5f5ce2f6fa7112ab07ec1099c976cdadc740c7ea4   f1905dce9659        4 months ago        431MB
redis                  6.0.0               sha256:9c2d321d367c582fc103ad36b7326a0edd5b558e0c987d0bea3b58bac008b20f   96812ab2b931        4 months ago        104MB
rabbitmq               latest              sha256:ed12b6ac5b5bd92dca3a313db094c1687ad169f8e8d32ce0fa9cfdcc8d8948bc   c1a845de8052        4 months ago        151MB
mysql                  8.0.20              sha256:61a2a33f4b8b4bc93b7b6b9e65e64044aaec594809f818aeffbff69a893d1944   a7a67c95e831        4 months ago        541MB
alpine                 latest              sha256:9a839e63dad54c3a6d1834e29692c8492d93f90c59c978c1ed79109ea4fb9a54   f70734b6a266        4 months ago        5.61MB
openjdk                8u252-jdk           sha256:bedfb494645a0f9c48d333544986d5301df950e31f71e8861b5ba1601aedc587   6cedfea72886        4 months ago        510MB
centos                 centos8             sha256:fe8d824220415eed5477b63addf40fb06c3b049404242b31982106ac204f6700   470671670cac        7 months ago        237MB
nginx                  1.16.0              sha256:3e373fd5b8d41baeddc24be311c5c6929425c04cabf893b874ac09b72a798010   ae893c58d83f        13 months ago       109MB
webcenter/activemq     latest              sha256:35015988c4047a2ab1888466f5aae30420f7addde4c467e5db9ae64eea6b47b0   3af156432993        3 years ago         422MB

指令：docker images --no-trunc

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REPOSITORY             TAG                 IMAGE ID                                                                  CREATED             SIZE
wurstmeister/kafka     latest              sha256:f1905dce96591909cf3fcc7c329fb2a3e02bb1bf9258f75fe5c9cd58d0d629ab   4 months ago        431MB
redis                  6.0.0               sha256:96812ab2b9314569112fa58e7bef6641ff0a2b3cf7dace9ff8604a094f08228d   4 months ago        104MB
rabbitmq               latest              sha256:c1a845de80526fcab136f9fab5f839e91b98c475d1a2f72165a3d04f03edf4c7   4 months ago        151MB
mysql                  8.0.20              sha256:a7a67c95e83189d60dd24cfeb13d9f235a95a7afd7749a7d09845f303fab239c   4 months ago        541MB
alpine                 latest              sha256:f70734b6a266dcb5f44c383274821207885b549b75c8e119404917a61335981a   4 months ago        5.61MB
openjdk                8u252-jdk           sha256:6cedfea7288615050ac395405eb42cc2ad9a1cc02c7fd53324993f27e4447f94   4 months ago        510MB
centos                 centos8             sha256:470671670cac686c7cf0081e0b37da2e9f4f768ddc5f6a26102ccd1c6954c1ee   7 months ago        237MB
nginx                  1.16.0              sha256:ae893c58d83fe2bd391fbec97f5576c9a34fea55b4ee9daf15feb9620b14b226   13 months ago       109MB
webcenter/activemq     latest              sha256:3af15643299345851f234d4e66a41b1d64b751b6ace09a9a4b05d658fe5cd7c1   3 years ago         422MB

指令：docker images --format "{{.ID}}:{{.Repository}}"

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f1905dce9659:wurstmeister/kafka
96812ab2b931:redis
c1a845de8052:rabbitmq
a7a67c95e831:mysql
f70734b6a266:alpine
6cedfea72886:openjdk
470671670cac:centos
ae893c58d83f:nginx
3af156432993:webcenter/activemq

指令：docker images --format "table {{.ID}}\t{{.Repository}}\t{{.Tag}}"

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IMAGE ID            REPOSITORY             TAG
f1905dce9659        wurstmeister/kafka     latest
96812ab2b931        redis                  6.0.0
c1a845de8052        rabbitmq               latest
a7a67c95e831        mysql                  8.0.20
f70734b6a266        alpine                 latest
6cedfea72886        openjdk                8u252-jdk
470671670cac        centos                 centos8
ae893c58d83f        nginx                  1.16.0
3af156432993        webcenter/activemq     latest

查看镜像

指令：docker search [OPTIONS] TERM：从hub.docker仓库搜索指定的镜像
OPTIONS
–no-trunc：显示完整镜像信息
-s：查询STARS大于指定数量的镜像
–limit：显示指定数量的镜像信息
–automated：显示automated类型的镜像

指令实现

指令：docker search mysql --no-trunc

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NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                                                                           STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
mysql                             MySQL is a widely used, open-source relational database management system (RDBMS).                    9942                [OK]                
mariadb                           MariaDB is a community-developed fork of MySQL intended to remain free under the GNU GPL.             3636                [OK]                
mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Created, maintained and supported by the MySQL team at Oracle   724                                     [OK]
percona                           Percona Server is a fork of the MySQL relational database management system created by Percona.       508                 [OK]                
centos/mysql-57-centos7           MySQL 5.7 SQL database server                                                                         83                                      
mysql/mysql-cluster               Experimental MySQL Cluster Docker images. Created by the MySQL team at Oracle                         75

指令：docker search mysql -s 9000

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NAME                DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
mysql               MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   9942                [OK]

指令：docker search mysql --limit 2

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NAME                 DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
mysql                MySQL is a widely used, open-source relation…   9942                [OK]                
mysql/mysql-server   Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   724                                     [OK]

指令：docker search mysql --automated

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NAME                              DESCRIPTION                                     STARS               OFFICIAL            AUTOMATED
mysql/mysql-server                Optimized MySQL Server Docker images. Create…   724                                     [OK]
centurylink/mysql                 Image containing mysql. Optimized to be link…   61                                      [OK]
bitnami/mysql                     Bitnami MySQL Docker Image                      44                                      [OK]
deitch/mysql-backup               REPLACED! Please use http://hub.docker.com/r…   41                                      [OK]
prom/mysqld-exporter                                                              31                                      [OK]
schickling/mysql-backup-s3        Backup MySQL to S3 (supports periodic backup…   30                                      [OK]
arey/mysql-client                 Run a MySQL client from a docker container      14                                      [OK]
fradelg/mysql-cron-backup         MySQL/MariaDB database backup using cron tas…   8                                       [OK]
ansibleplaybookbundle/mysql-apb   An APB which deploys RHSCL MySQL                2                                       [OK]

拉取镜像

指令：docker pull NAME[:TAG]:如果没有TAG则拉取latest版本的镜像

镜像删除

指令：docker rmi [OPTIONS] IMAGE [IMAGE...]：删除指定的镜像文件
指令：docker rmi -f ${docker images -qa}
OPTIONS
-f：强制删除

指令解析-容器部分

容器操作-创建容器

指令：docker run [OPTIONS] image [COMMAND] [ARGS...]
OPTIONS
–name=”Name”：指定容器名称
-d：后台运行容器，并返回容器ID，即启动守护式容器
-i：以交互模式运行容器，通常与-t同时使用
-t：为容器重新分配一个伪输入终端，通常与-i同时使用
-P：随机端口映射
-p：指定端口，有四种模式
ip:hostPort:containerPort
ip:cantainerPort
hostPort:containerPort
cantainerPort

查询容器

指令：docker ps [OPTIONS]：查看正在运行的docker容器
OPTIONS
-a：查看所有正在运行的docker容器+历史运行的docker容器
–format：按指定格式查看
-n：查看指定数量的最近运行的docker容器
-l：显示最近创建的docker容器
-q：静默模式，只显示容器编号
-s：显示容器大小
–no-trunc：显示容器完整信息

启动容器

指令：docker start Name|ID

关闭容器

指令：docker restart Name|ID

强制关闭

指令：docker kill Name|ID

重启容器

指令：docker restart Name|ID

进入容器

指令：docker attach Name|ID
指令：docker exec -it Name|ID
指令：docker exec -t Name|ID [ls -l]：不进入容器，但让容器执行指令

退出容器

指令：exit：退出并关闭容器
快捷键：Ctrl+Q+P，退出容器，但不关闭容器

删除容器

指令：docker rm -f Name|ID
指令：docker rm -f ${docker ps -qa}:删除所有

查看容器日志

指令：docker logs [OPTIONS] Name|ID
OPTIONS
-t：显示日志时间戳
-f：显示最新的日志
–tail：显示最后指定行数的日志

查看容器内部运行的进程

指令：docker top Name|ID

查看容器内部细节

指令：docker inspect Name|ID

Docker容器文件拷贝到宿主机

指令：docker cp Name|ID:容器内部路径 宿主机路径

通过容器创建镜像

通过对原有容器的改造，优化为自己的容器，并将容器打包为一个镜像

指令：docker commit -m="提交的描述信息" -a="作者" NewName[:TAG]

Docker容器与宿主机文件共享

指令：docker run -it -v 宿主机绝对路径（目录）:容器绝对路径（目录） imageNmae

Docker容器与宿主机文件共享(设置只读权限)

指令：docker run -it -v 宿主机绝对路径（目录）:容器绝对路径（目录）:ro imageNmae

不同镜像的继承，数据共享

不同镜像之间的继承，共享文件系统，对某一个容器内的文件进行操作，都将会进行同步。但如果删除其中的某一个容器，不会影响其他容器的文件

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docker run -it --name="docker1" imageName
docker run -it --name="docker2" --volume-from="docker1" imageName
docker run -it --name="docker3" --volume-from="docker1" imageName

总结

对于容器的操作有很多，这边只是对个别操作进行展示。
多练，多记…

最后更新： 2020年09月08日 22:45

原始链接： https://maiyikai.github.io/2020/09/09/1582786565/

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